Benjamin Lay (1682–1759)
Benjamin Lay, a 17th-century Quaker, campaigned against slavery when many wealthy Quakers owned enslaved people. He was also a vegetarian, feminist, and opposed the death penalty.
Born in 1682 near Colchester, England, Lay moved to Barbados in 1718, where he began protesting against slavery. Later, he lived in a cave in Pennsylvania, writing over 200 pamphlets attacking slavery, the prison system, and wealthy Quakers.
Known for dramatic protests, in 1738 he stabbed a Bible filled with blood-red juice at a meeting, symbolising the violence of slavery. In 1758, Quakers agreed to discipline those involved in slavery. Lay died in 1759, satisfied with this progress.